{"id":6696,"date":"2020-06-26T18:33:08","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T17:33:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/?page_id=6696"},"modified":"2025-08-04T18:51:06","modified_gmt":"2025-08-04T17:51:06","slug":"interactions-of-muons","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/interactions-of-muons\/","title":{"rendered":"Interactions of muons"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_1980\" style=\"width: 267px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/high-energy-muon-scattering.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1980\" class=\" wp-image-1980 \" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/high-energy-muon-scattering.jpg\" alt=\"high energy muon scattering\" width=\"257\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/high-energy-muon-scattering.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/high-energy-muon-scattering-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/high-energy-muon-scattering-644x1024.jpg 644w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 257px) 100vw, 257px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1980\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Muon de momentum &gt; 1 GeV\/c traversant 5 plaques de cuivre de 1,25 cm d\u2019\u00e9paisseur. L\u2019angle de diffusion est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 5\u00b0.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On peut consid\u00e9rer un muon comme un \u00e9lectron massif et instable. C\u2019est une particule \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire avec une masse de 207 m<sub>e<\/sub>=105,7 MeV\/c\u00b2 et une demi-vie de 2,2 \u03bcs (dans son r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel de repos).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les muons proviennent de la d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration des kaons et des pions ces derniers \u00e9tant produits lors de l\u2019interaction du rayonnement cosmique primaire avec les noyaux de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans la mati\u00e8re, les muons se comportent comme les \u00e9lectrons, \u00e0 ceci pr\u00e9s que les pertes par Bremsstrahlung sont <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/dedx\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">10<sup>4<\/sup><\/a> fois moins importante par rapport aux \u00e9lectrons, l\u2019<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/dedx\/#radiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00e9nergie critique<\/a> dans l\u2019air est donc de 1115 GeV alors qu\u2019elle n\u2019est que de 100 MeV pour les \u00e9lectrons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les muons (ainsi que les \u00e9lectrons, les taus et les neutrinos) sont des leptons, des particules \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires qui ne sont soumis qu&rsquo;\u00e0 l\u2019interaction faible, \u00e0 la force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique (pour les particules charg\u00e9es) et \u00e0 la gravitation.Les muons se d\u00e9sint\u00e8grent en \u00e9lectrons ou positons : &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muondecay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1981 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muondecay.png\" alt=\"muondecay\" width=\"398\" height=\"43\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muondecay.png 579w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muondecay-300x32.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les \u00e9lectrons produits peuvent avoir une \u00e9nergie variable, en moyenne une trentaine de MeV <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/decays-of-particles\/#muon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">comme expliqu\u00e9 ici<\/a>. The end of range of \u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> in nuclear emulsion is<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/tracks-of-pion-and-muon-in-the-end-of-their-range\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> pictured here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em;\">Les leptons ne sont pas soumis \u00e0 l\u2019interaction forte car ils ne sont pas compos\u00e9s de quark et par cons\u00e9quent ils ne feront (presque) jamais d\u2019interactions avec les hadrons. Un hadron est un assemblage de quark r\u00e9gi par l\u2019interaction forte. Les hadrons les plus connus sont les neutrons et protons (constitu\u00e9 chacun de 3 quarks distinct) qui composent les nucl\u00e9ons d\u2019un noyau. Les nucl\u00e9ons sont maintenus en coh\u00e9sion dans le noyau gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019interaction forte qui agit gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 (notamment) l\u2019\u00e9change de pion virtuel entre les nucl\u00e9ons.&nbsp; Comme les leptons ne sont pas eux m\u00eame soumis \u00e0 l\u2019interaction forte, l\u2019interaction avec les hadrons se fera uniquement via la force \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique commune \u00e0 toutes les particules charg\u00e9es (ce qui se traduit par des pertes d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie en <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/dedx\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dE\/dx<\/a>). Les muons et \u00e9lectrons ne pourront \u00eatre que diffus\u00e9 \u00e9lectrostatiquement par un noyau, mais ils ne pourront pas transf\u00e9rer d\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e0 des hadrons : ainsi un lepton ne fera jamais de \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/muon_hadr\/#star\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stars<\/a> \u00bb dans une chambre \u00e0 brouillard (il est cependant possible \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie qu\u2019un muon puisse rayonner un photon virtuel capable d\u2019interagir directement avec des hadrons en formant des r\u00e9sonances). Cela explique pourquoi des muons rapide peuvent traverser des \u00e9paisseurs de plomb importante (m\u00e8tre) sans \u00eatre absorb\u00e9 : ils ne cr\u00e9ent pas de d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration ni ne sont d\u00e9vi\u00e9s fortement par des noyaux. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em;\">To the muon, a nucleus appears as a transparent cloud of electricity through which it can pass freely. Thanks to their great mass and usually high velocity they <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/dedx\/#radiative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">don&rsquo;t feel<\/a> as much the electrostatic influence of nuclei, compared to electrons. Thus they will pass straight in matter and won&rsquo;t be widely deflected from their directions. <\/span>In the case of strongly-interacting particles on the other hand (\u03c0), the nucleus appears opaque and thus nuclear capture becomes probable so the range of these particles are much less than muon.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7906\" style=\"width: 780px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7906\" class=\"wp-image-7906\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552-1024x246.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552-1024x246.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552-300x72.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552-768x184.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552-1536x369.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/u-meson-scaled-e1753697490552-2048x492.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7906\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Powell, p.479. The soft cascade mean the ElectroMagnetic shower produced by Bremsstrahlung. As the muon don&rsquo;t undergo Bremsstrahlung, it don&rsquo;t produce EM cascade.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><a name=\"muonloss\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #99cc00; font-size: 1.17em; line-height: 1.5em;\">Perte d\u2019\u00e9nergie des muons dans la mati\u00e8re<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>La perte d\u2019\u00e9nergie lin\u00e9ique totale des muons dans la mati\u00e8re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-interaction.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">peut s\u2019\u00e9crire<\/a> comme suit&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1983\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss.jpg\" alt=\"muon loss\" width=\"293\" height=\"87\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss.jpg 366w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss-300x89.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 293px) 100vw, 293px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><i>a<\/i> correspond aux pertes collisionnel avec les \u00e9lectrons atomique du milieu<\/p>\n<p><i>b<\/i> correspond aux pertes radiatives qui comprennent&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>b <sub>brems<\/sub>&nbsp;: les pertes par Bremsstrahlung,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">b <sub>pair<\/sub>&nbsp;: Les pertes par cr\u00e9ation de paire (un muon peut rayonner un photon virtuel dans le champ coulombien d\u2019un atome qui se converti en une pair r\u00e9el \u00e9lectron-positon),<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">b <sub>nuc<\/sub>&nbsp;: Les pertes par r\u00e9action photonucl\u00e9aire qui correspondent \u00e0 la photo-absorption par un noyau&nbsp;d&rsquo;un photon virtuel rayonn\u00e9 par le muon, ce qui s&rsquo;accompagne d&rsquo;une profonde excitation de la cible qui peut \u00e9mettre des hadrons (Pions par ex)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On peut pr\u00e9ciser par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quation pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente que le terme <i>b(E)E<\/i> repr\u00e9sente <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">moins de 1% de la valeur de<i> a(E)<\/i><\/span>&nbsp;pour des \u00e9nergies inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 100 GeV et ce pour la plupart des mat\u00e9riaux. Les courbes suivantes montrent la pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rance des 3 effets radiatifs dans des mat\u00e9riaux de diff\u00e9rent Z (pour les roches, Z=11).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-radiation-loss.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1984\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-radiation-loss.jpg\" alt=\"muon radiation loss\" width=\"920\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-radiation-loss.jpg 4320w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-radiation-loss-300x73.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-radiation-loss-1024x252.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>La courbe suivante repr\u00e9sente l\u2019ensemble des pertes d\u2019\u00e9nergie des muons dans du cuivre.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss-graph.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1985\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss-graph.jpg\" alt=\"muon loss graph\" width=\"620\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss-graph.jpg 890w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muon-loss-graph-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">On constate que les pertes radiatives ne deviennent pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rantes que pour des \u00e9nergies cin\u00e9tiques tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9e, soit 315 GeV pour le cuivre (1115 GeV dans l\u2019air, 134 GeV dans le plomb). On retrouve le domaine des pertes d\u2019\u00e9nergie proportionnel \u00e0 ~ 1\/v\u00b2 (courbe de Bethe) pour la gamme d\u2019\u00e9nergie [0,1&nbsp;; 100MeV].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les pions \u03c0 \u00e0 l&rsquo;inverse, interagissent fortement avec les noyaux. Les pions sont produits lors des d\u00e9sint\u00e9grations (stars). Lorsque les pions ont perdus toutes leurs \u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique et s&rsquo;arr\u00eatent dans la mati\u00e8re, ils se d\u00e9sint\u00e9grent en muons ayant une \u00e9nergie d&rsquo;environ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/decays-of-particles\/#constancyinrange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">4 MeV<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"muondecay\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">\u03bc desint\u00e9gration<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7595\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"465\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion.png 1963w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion-207x300.png 207w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion-706x1024.png 706w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion-768x1114.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion-1059x1536.png 1059w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion-1412x2048.png 1412w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7596\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"466\" height=\"637\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2.png 1884w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2-220x300.png 220w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2-750x1024.png 750w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2-768x1048.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2-1125x1536.png 1125w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Decay-of-pion2-1500x2048.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 466px) 100vw, 466px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The last picture at right, is similar to the event that I recorded in one of my cloud chamber :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Z8R93e-l--M?si=TdHYc75Uojr9zI2O\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7599\" style=\"width: 236px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/muon.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7599\" class=\"wp-image-7599\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/muon.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/muon.png 432w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/muon-211x300.png 211w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7599\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Disintegration of a muon in my cloud chamber<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">At A, the muon is coming up to down and reach the point B where it encounter a nucleus (electrostatic collision) which deflect it a bit to the point C. The path B to C is erratic, this not a straight line like A to B, because during the collision, the muon lose a lot of its kinetic energy. It come at rest at C where it decay into an electron and a neutrino. But due to the large rest mass of the muon (105 MeV\/c\u00b2), a lot of energy is shared between this 2 particles. After the decay of the muon, the electron can get from 0 to 70 MeV of kinetic energy, but on average, it&rsquo;s 35 MeV and the rest for the neutrino (see the graph just below). What are we observing ? this is indeed the case. The track C-D is an electron with a <em>very big energy<\/em> as it&rsquo;s a straight line, showing no disturbance (deflection). At 35 MeV, the range in air is about 100 meters.The electron then disappear off the plan of sensibility of the cloud chamber. At this energy the electron produce few droplets thus only a faint track as the dE\/dx is very low (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/dedx2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minimum ionising<\/a>). This is the same observation for the incoming muon, the track is faint because the particle is fast.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">How are we sure it can be the disintegration of muon, and not the back-scattering of a particle coming from D to C with a collision at C ? because after this process, it&rsquo;s very unlikely that the line B &#8211; A would be straight. It should be erratic, with a lot of deflection due to Coulomb interaction as the particle have few kinetic energy left. So the initial particle, is coming from A.&nbsp; There is no magnetic field in this experiment, so we don&rsquo;t know if it&rsquo;s a fast electron or positon emitted. In the case of the \u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> decay, this reaction is still probable with very low Z medium like here (see end of this page about the value of f).<\/p>\n<p>The end of the muon track (A to C) is similar to the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/tracks-of-pion-and-muon-in-the-end-of-their-range\/\"> pictures recorded in emulsions, showing the end of muon tracks.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>I would like to paste the answer to a comment :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffcc00;\"><span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">I&rsquo;d like to know why the nucleus in the point B is not accelerated enough to show an ionized track in the chamber after the electrostatic collision with the muon.<\/span> <span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">Is that because the collision wasn&rsquo;t close enough?<\/span> <span class=\"style-scope yt-formatted-string\" dir=\"auto\">Joaqu\u00edn<\/span><\/span><br \/>\nConsider the mass of the muon (105 MeV\/c\u00b2) and let&rsquo;s consider at B it&rsquo;s a nitrogen nucleus (71% of air so it&rsquo;s likely). Nitrogen have a mass of 14 u so 13 132 MeV\/c\u00b2, (MeV\/c\u00b2 come from E= mc\u00b2 so m=E\/c\u00b2 with E in MeV and u is the atomic mass Nitrogen is 14u). So the mass ratio is 13132\/105 = 125. Considering the equation at : https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/les-processus-de-pertes-denergie-des-particules\/#brem , this give that during the collision, the muon transfer roughly 3% of its kinetic energy to the Nitrogen nucleus. You can do the experiment at home conserving the same ratio of mass, that&rsquo;s to say, if you throw a ping pong ball (2,7 gram) to a static handball ball (400 grs), the handball won&rsquo;t move a lot unless you give your pingpong ball a great incoming energy ! Things change a lot if the static mass is similar to the mass of the projectile (2 ping pong ball colliding each other, you will see easily the recoiling one even if the projectile have few kinetic energy ).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">What could be the initial kinetic energy of the muon ? without a magnetic field, it&rsquo;s impossible to know it, but according to this https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/Range_muon1.jpg it&rsquo;s acceptable to say that it&rsquo;s energy is far below 10 MeV as the path A B is not perfectly straight as the muon undergo some electrostatic deflection (this indicate it have few energy). Remember that when the muon comes in the chamber, it loses some energy when it passes through the walls of the room and building. Range of such muon with 10 MeV is still 7 meter in air. So 3% of 10 MeV would give 300 keV to the nitrogen nucleus. What will be the length of the track of the recoiling N nucleus ? I did the estimate with 560 keV energy from a previous experiment : http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/rough-identification-of-a-recoil-nucleus\/ so the recoil track would be 2 mm. But we don&rsquo;t observe this recoiling track. Are we sure of that ? no, because if you look to the point B, on the right end of the track, there is a tiny burst of ionisation. It could be the recoiling nucleus, but it receive so few kinetic energy that it move only about hundred of micrometers. This is still an ion, and the vapor can condense on it, making the tiny cloud. If the muon was of great energy, we should have see a recoiling track, exactly like the alpha experiment from https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/les-processus-de-pertes-denergie-des-particules\/#brem<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">\n<div id=\"attachment_7665\" style=\"width: 860px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7665\" class=\"wp-image-7665 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay-1024x477.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay-1024x477.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay-300x140.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay-768x358.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay-1536x715.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A002C265_240722__01.17.881-muon-decay-2048x954.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7665\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Another example of muon decay. There is a strong magnetic field in the right part of the surface. The total length of picture is 40 cm, the height 20 cm. The incoming muon comes from the bottom towards right. It decays emitting an electron or positon of great energy as this one is not sensible to the magnetic field.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">\n<h3>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n<p><a name=\"energy\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">Energy transfer during \u03bc disintegration<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">When the&nbsp;\u03bc&nbsp;decays, it emits a charged particle with a velocity approaching that of light.&nbsp; In the first observation of this <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5989 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/threebody-decay-muon.jpg\" alt=\"threebody decay muon\" width=\"496\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/threebody-decay-muon.jpg 856w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/threebody-decay-muon-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\" \/>phenomenon in 1940 the energy of the secondary particles was estimated to be 70&nbsp;\u00b1 30 MeV\/c. This result <em>suggested<\/em> hat the muon decays into an electron and a single neutrino, the two particle sharing, almost equally, the energy made available by the disappearance of he rest-mass of the parent particle (105,7 MeV\/c\u00b2).&nbsp; It was shown in 1949 with a&nbsp;Wilson chamber and photographic plates (nuclear emulsion) that this view is incorrect.&nbsp; The later experiments showed that when&nbsp;\u03bc decay &lsquo;at rest&rsquo; the energy of the secondary charged particles vary within wide limits as you can see in the&nbsp;left picture.<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\"><em>Left : Spectrum of electrons from the decay of&nbsp;\u03bc arrested in a hydrogen filled diffusion chamber operated in a magnetic field. The distribution is based on observations of 282 events which provided sufficient long tracks to estimate&nbsp;the&nbsp;<span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"><a style=\"color: #00ccff;\" title=\"measurement of p in magnetic field\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/lorentz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">momenta<\/a><\/span>&nbsp;of particles (1952). From momentum&nbsp;you can obtain the&nbsp;kinetic energy<span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"> <a style=\"color: #00ccff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/la-boite-a-outils-relativiste\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here<\/a><\/span>.&nbsp;<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">&nbsp;<em>The mean energy of the charged particle (electron or positon) is about 35 MeV, i.e one third of the total energy, like the \u03b2 disintegration.<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">&nbsp;It followed from an application of the conservation laws that at least two neutral particles are emitted in the transmutation of \u03bc. Three particle are produced in the decay, one charged and two neutral, each of which carries off on the average, one third of the total energy :<\/div>\n<div data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"page\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-page-number=\"3\" data-loaded=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/muondecay.png\" width=\"505\" height=\"55\"><\/div>\n<p><a name=\"muoncapture\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">\u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> capture by nucleus (illustrated in nuclear photographic emulsions)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>From Powell, 1952, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/studyofelementar0000powe\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the early of 1940, it was pictured that when a positive \u03bc is brought to rest to rest in matter (by losing all it&rsquo;s kinetic energy into ionization), it is prevented from approaching a nucleus, as a result of the Coulomb repulsion between identical charges, and remains free until the instant of its decay. On the other hand, the electrostatic forces will lead to the capture of negative particles by atoms into states of high quantum number and thus forming a &lsquo;muonic atom&rsquo;. By analogy with electron it was believed that the muon (and the pion) then fall to state of low energy round the nucleus, the transitions being accompanied by the emission of radiation or Auger electrons.&nbsp;In order to confirm the view that the \u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> particles do indeed interact with nuclei when arrested in solid substances, and before they had time to decay, experiments were made in which the particles of different charge were separated from one another by magnetic fields, so that the properties of the two types could be separately studied. When brought to rest in iron, it was found, in accordance with expectation, that the positive muons, but not the negative, decay with the emission of a charged particle. In material of low atomic number (graphite, aluminium&#8230;), a large proportion of the negative muon decay before interacting with a nucleus.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6698\" style=\"width: 475px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6698\" class=\"wp-image-6698\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"465\" height=\"646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion.jpg 1228w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion-738x1024.jpg 738w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion-768x1066.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-negative-muon-emulsion-1107x1536.jpg 1107w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6698\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Disintegrations following the nuclear capture of negative muons, 1951. The two disintegration are named &lsquo;single prong stars&rsquo;&nbsp;<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #33cccc;\"><strong>Left picture<\/strong><\/span> : The events, due to capture of a negative muon, were recorded in photographic emulsion plate manufactured underground at a depth of about 40 metres of water equivalent. At this depth, the flux of charged particles is almost entirely due to \u03bc component and its product. The plate were left at this depth for several months; and then processed without being brought to the surface. In such plates, the number of muon arrested in the emulsion is very much greater than the number of pions \u03c0. Thus only five positive \u03c0 particles were observed and identified in the characteristic \u03c0-\u03bc decay, in comparison with 1014 muons (\u03c0 were produced in the matter near the plates indirectly by muon). In addition, 30 examples were found of negative muon which produced disintegrations (in point <em>p<\/em>). The two examples represent typical disintegrations with one secondary charged particle, most of which are certainly due to the nuclear capture of \u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> by the heavier elements (Ag, Br) in the emulsion. The particle emitted at P are protons, possibly deuterons or alpha particles.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Observations-of-Cosmic-Ray-Events-in-Nuclear-Emulsions-Exposed-below-Ground.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Article of E.P George and J.Evans<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<a name=\"twoprong\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In 1953, MORINAGA and FRY scrutinised the tracks of 24 000 \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>ending in the emulsion and found that 591 of them (2,4%) produced visible disintegrations (see the graph, left below). The \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>were formed by the decay in flight of \u03c0<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>generated in a synchro-cyclotron. They determined the distribution of energy of the secondary protons and \u03b1-particles and found a mean value of ~15 MeV, corresponded to that expected for the moderate excitation of a silver or bromine nucleus, value ~25 MeV being uncommon.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6702\" style=\"width: 830px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-muon-and-morinaga.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6702\" class=\"wp-image-6702\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-muon-and-morinaga.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"820\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-muon-and-morinaga.png 1010w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-muon-and-morinaga-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/nuclear-capture-muon-and-morinaga-768x292.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6702\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Left :<\/strong> <em>Value of f, the fraction of \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>which decay with the emission of an electron when arrested in solid substances of different atomic number. The figure display the very rapid change in the relative proportions&nbsp;of the particles which decay,f, and which interact with nuclei, 1-f, for value of Z~12<\/em>. <strong>Right<\/strong> : Morinaga\/Fry Experiment ; Prong-distribution of the \u03bc-stars produced by the nuclear capture of \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>arrested in photographic emulsion. The 1 prong star is the most probable process and is illustrated in the upper image. Some of the very rare stars with 3 and 4 prongs are believed to be due to interaction of \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>&nbsp;with light elements ; nuclear capture occurs with a probability of about 6% in carbon.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Many of the &lsquo;two-prong&rsquo; stars represent the emission of a fast proton and the recoiling <em>residual<\/em> nucleus, the two tracks being widely different in range. Most of such events must be attributed to capture by a light element, for the energy of recoil of a silver or bromine nucleus is too small to produce a recognizable track. In addition to the charged particles, neutron are also produced by the nuclear capture of \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>. Experiments made with counters at depths underground (20 m of water equivalent) indicate that there are between one and two neutron per disintegration, according to the type of nucleus capturing the muon. The above result indicate that only a small fraction of the energy available by the disappearance of the rest mass of the \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>(105,7 MeV\/c\u00b2) appears among the nucleons of the nucleus which it disintegrates.&nbsp; The reaction is <span style=\"color: #ccffcc;\">\u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>+p \u2192 n<sup>0<\/sup>+\u03bd<sub>\u03bc<\/sub><\/span> where \u03bd<sub>\u03bc<\/sub> is a neutrino. The average energy of the neutron is about 20 MeV, most of the available energy is then taken by the neutrino. If the neutron is ejected from a parent nucleus without interacting with another nucleon, no visible disintegration is produced.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To summarize, <span class=\"fontstyle0\">when a muon reaches the lowest quantum<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">state of a muonic atom, it can decay or be captured on a bound proton. Except for very light nuclei this capture is far more likely than decay. When muon capture occurs in any nucleus, the energy release of about 100 MeV is mainly donated to the neutrino, but the nucleus can and does absorb substantial energy, thus many reactions occur (the nucleus even recoil and get about few MeV of kinetic enrgy) . Example with <sup>28<\/sup>Si&nbsp;. In the ground<span class=\"fontstyle2\">&nbsp;<\/span>state of muonic silicon, the muon will decay <strong>34% of the time<\/strong> and capture on the nucleus 66% of the time. Thus, symbolically <span style=\"color: #ccffcc;\">\u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>+<sup>28<\/sup>Si \u2192 <sup>28<\/sup>Al*+\u03bd<sub>\u03bc<\/sub><\/span> (* mean the nucleus is excited). Of those captures, about 36% will produce no neutrons, 49% will produce 1 neutron, 14% will produce 2 neutrons and 1% will produce 3 neutrons. The main mechanism of de-excitation after muon capture is neutron emission, but charged particles can also be emitted. However, this is a minor component of the capture process :&nbsp;protons, deuterons and alphas which are emitted are typically low energy (2\u201320 MeV) and thus have a short range.&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/muon-capture.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More about<\/a> muon capture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<a name=\"auger\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">Auger Electron from the \u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> capture by nucleus<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We can complete the process of negative muon capture by a nucleus with the observation, in photographic nuclear emulsion, of Auger electron. When a negative muon stops in a material, it quickly becomes attached to an atom that form a <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/muon-capture.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">muonic atom<\/a>. <\/em>In a muonic atom, an electron is replaced by a muon, which, like the electron, is a lepton. All this process is accomplished in a period about 10<sup>-13<\/sup> s, a time short compared to the mean lifetime of a muon. For example muonic hydrogen atoms are much smaller than typical hydrogen atoms because the much larger mass of the muon gives it a much more localized ground-state wavefunction than is observed for the electron. In multi-electron atoms, when only one of the electrons is replaced by a muon, the size of the atom continues to be determined by the other electrons, and the atomic size is nearly unchanged. However, in such cases the orbital of the muon continues to be smaller and far closer to the nucleus than the atomic orbitals of the electrons. The muonic atom freshly formed is highly excited, and a part of the energy of desexcitation can be transferred to atomic electrons that we can see in nuclear emulsions. These electron are called Auger electrons.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In nuclear emulsions, it&rsquo;s possible to observe these Auger electrons if their energy is not too low. A 15 keV electron form a very short track, very difficult to discriminate in an emulsion. The energy of Auger electrons increase with the Z of the atom. For light elements, the Auger process is much more probable than the radiative one, but most of the Auger electron have an energy less than 15 keV. For heavy elements like silver and bromine, Auger electrons have energy between 15 and 75 keV so they are easily recognizable in an emulsion. &nbsp;This behavior provide a method of distinguishing the disintegrations of light and heavy elements in an emulsion : if no or low energy Auger electron are found in a disintegration, it was a light atom (C,N,O). If Auger electrons are clearly presents (long track), it was a heavy atom (Ag, Br, I) which disintegrated by the muon capture. Similar considerations apply to \u03c0<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> particles.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6742\" style=\"width: 589px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/auger-electron-muonic-capture.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6742\" class=\" wp-image-6742\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/auger-electron-muonic-capture.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"579\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/auger-electron-muonic-capture.jpg 1406w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/auger-electron-muonic-capture-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/auger-electron-muonic-capture-1024x755.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/auger-electron-muonic-capture-768x566.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6742\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Auger electrons produced by the capture of \u03bc<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> by silver and bromine nuclei. (a) : typical example of the decay of a \u03bc (unknown charge) in which no Auger electrons can be distinguished. The electron of disintegration is clearly show with the black dots. (b) The cluster of 2 or 3 grains nears the end of the range of the \u03bc is probably due to an Auger electron. In (c,d,e,f) the tracks of associated slow electrons can be distinguished.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The most accurate measurements of the relative frequency with which Auger electrons can be distinguished during the capture of \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>by elements in the emulsion were obtained in FRY&rsquo;s experiments with particles formed by the decay in flight of artificially produced \u03c0<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>. From a total of 1000 \u03bc<sup>&#8211; <\/sup>observed to stop in the emulsion :<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u22c5 358 decayed with the production of a fast electron. Among the 358, 17 showed also slow electrons (observation of the decay electron of \u03bc and Auger electrons due by its capture by a nucleus).<\/p>\n<p>\u22c5 32 produced a star,<\/p>\n<p>\u22c5 355 had no associated secondary particles,<\/p>\n<p>\u22c5 180 showed one slow electron,<\/p>\n<p>\u22c5 57 showed two slow electrons,<\/p>\n<p>\u22c5 18 showed three slow electrons.<\/p>\n<p>Auger electrons appear with a probability of (180+17) \u226520% when there is a nuclear disintegration<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">Photonuclear interaction by muon<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les exp\u00e9riences sous le m\u00e9tro londonien de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Observations-of-Cosmic-Ray-Events-in-Nuclear-Emulsions-Exposed-below-Ground.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E.P George and J.Evans<\/a> ont permis de d\u00e9couvrir aussi que des muons de hautes \u00e9nergies peuvent induire des interactions nucl\u00e9aires en \u00e9changeant des photons virtuels avec les nucl\u00e9ons (on parle aussi de <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Extensive-Air-Showers-High-Energy-Phenomena-and-Astrophysical-Aspects-Grieder1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">r\u00e9actions photonucl\u00e9aires<\/a>).&nbsp; The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Pion-and-neutron-production-by-muon-underground.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creation process<\/a> is of the type \u03b3 + p \u2192 \u03c0<sup>+<\/sup> + \u03c0<sup>\u2212<\/sup> + p&nbsp; or <span class=\"fontstyle0\">&nbsp;<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">\u2192 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u03c0<\/span><sup><span class=\"fontstyle4\">+ <\/span><\/sup><span class=\"fontstyle2\">+ <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">n<\/span><span class=\"fontstyle2\">, <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle3\">\u2192 <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u03c0<\/span><sup><span class=\"fontstyle4\">+ <\/span><\/sup><span class=\"fontstyle2\">+ <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">\u03c0<\/span><sup><span class=\"fontstyle4\">0 <\/span><\/sup><span class=\"fontstyle2\">+ <\/span><span class=\"fontstyle0\">n <\/span>where \u03b3 is the virtual photon emitted by the muon to \u00ab\u00a0communicate\u00a0\u00bb the electromagnetic forces to a nucleon.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7884\" style=\"width: 789px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Observations-of-Cosmic-Ray-Events-in-Nuclear-Emulsions-Exposed-below-Ground.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7884\" class=\"wp-image-7884\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Holborn_tube_station_London-1-e1711625257713-1024x384.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"779\" height=\"292\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Holborn_tube_station_London-1-e1711625257713-1024x384.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Holborn_tube_station_London-1-e1711625257713-300x113.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Holborn_tube_station_London-1-e1711625257713-768x288.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Holborn_tube_station_London-1-e1711625257713-1536x576.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Holborn_tube_station_London-1-e1711625257713.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 779px) 100vw, 779px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7884\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>The coating (Ilford Plate) were performed in our underground laboratory on a disued part of Holborn Station and at a depth equivalent to 60 m of water<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_7886\" style=\"width: 905px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-scaled.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7886\" class=\"wp-image-7886 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-1024x437.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"895\" height=\"382\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-1024x437.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-768x328.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-1536x656.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-nuclear-interaction-1-2048x874.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 895px) 100vw, 895px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7886\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>The simplest interpretation of this type of event is that the energetic fast particle is scattered by a nucleon inside the nucleus. The recoil momentum of the scattered nucleon then leads to the disintegration of the nucleus (intranuclear cascade). The vertical intensity at this depth was measured and found to be 6 % of the sea level value. This corresponds to a flux of 80 fast \u03bc meson per cm\u00b2 per day<\/em>.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7950\" style=\"width: 872px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7950\" class=\"wp-image-7950\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-1024x493.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"862\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-1024x493.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-300x144.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-1536x739.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/early-exemple-muon-photonuclear-2048x986.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7950\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plate 14-1 : The two events were among the first observed which could be attributed to fast muon. The emulsion was poured and developed underground at a depth of 60 m of water equivalent. In each event, the muon emerges from the collision. That on the right is unusual in that the deviation in the direction of motion is large. Plate 14-2 &nbsp;In this rare event, observed in the same condition as previously, the primary particle (muon) interacts with a nucleus and several fast particles, almost certainly pion \u03c0, are created.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-7951\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-691x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"691\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-691x1024.jpg 691w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-768x1138.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-1037x1536.jpg 1037w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-1382x2048.jpg 1382w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Powell-about-muon-interaction-underground-scaled.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 691px) 100vw, 691px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il pourrait \u00eatre int\u00e9ressant de comparer grossi\u00e8rement la probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une interaction photonucl\u00e9aire entre un muon et un photon ou un proton. Pour cette analogie on consid\u00e9rera que le cuivre ou indiff\u00e9remment le plomb est la mati\u00e8re cible (les densit\u00e9 reste proche et cela permet une comparaison des cross sections).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pour un photon, on obtient les premi\u00e8res r\u00e9actions photonucl\u00e9aires <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/interactiongamma\/#photo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00e0 partir de 25 MeV<\/a> et une cross section d&rsquo;environ 7 mb soit 7 x 10<sup>-27<\/sup> cm\u00b2. Pour un muon, les pertes radiatives <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/interactions-of-muons\/#muonloss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commencent<\/a> \u00e0 partir de 100 GeV et pour le plomb <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Extensive-Air-Showers-High-Energy-Phenomena-and-Astrophysical-Aspects-Grieder1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">on a<\/a> une r\u00e9action photonucl\u00e9aire avec une section efficace de 2,58&nbsp;x 10<sup>-31<\/sup> cm\u00b2. Pour un proton, on peut consid\u00e9rer une r\u00e9action analogue aux interactions photonucl\u00e9aires pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes o\u00f9 le noyau cible de cuivre impact\u00e9 par un proton <a href=\"https:\/\/www-nds.iaea.org\/medical\/positron_emitters.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produit un noyau de zinc<\/a> et 2 neutrons :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cross-section-proton.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7899\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cross-section-proton.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"467\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cross-section-proton.png 772w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cross-section-proton-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cross-section-proton-768x470.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;\u00e9nergie du proton n\u00e9cessaire est alors de 24 MeV avec une cross section de 100 mb soit 10<sup>-25<\/sup> cm\u00b2. Ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments permettent de dire que les interactions nucl\u00e9aires sont les plus probables pour les protons, puis 14 fois moins pour les photons et 387 600 fois moins pour les muons ! Si l&rsquo;on prendrait en compte les pions, ils interagissent autant voir un peu plus que les protons. Et dans le cas de neutrons, ces derniers produisent de telle r\u00e9actions avec des sections efficaces plus grande que celle des protons.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7958\" style=\"width: 843px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7958\" class=\"wp-image-7958\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-1024x505.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"833\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-1024x505.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-768x379.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-1536x758.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-2048x1010.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 833px) 100vw, 833px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7958\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A shy event potentially showing a local spallation induced by an incoming particle, undergoing few deviation after shock. The incident particle, barely visible in red, comes from the same shower event (orange particles). A certain part before shock of the incident particle is not visible but seems strongly related to the event. Only a muon or proton could do this. The 3 (or 4?) particles emitted seems to be proton as their trajectory are straight even at low energy. Observation at 2800 m in a 40&#215;20 cm cloud chamber (prototype of 2021).<\/p><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-7956\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/muon-photodisintegration-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On peut consid\u00e9rer un muon comme un \u00e9lectron massif et instable. C\u2019est une particule \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire avec une masse de 207 me=105,7 MeV\/c\u00b2 et une demi-vie de 2,2 \u03bcs (dans son r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel de repos). Les muons proviennent de la d\u00e9sint\u00e9gration des kaons et des pions ces derniers \u00e9tant produits lors de l\u2019interaction du rayonnement cosmique primaire [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6696","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6696"}],"version-history":[{"count":67,"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8055,"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6696\/revisions\/8055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cloudylabs.fr\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}